WebHelp/External_Help_Research.gov_20170127_files/image029.png' alt='Nsf College Programs Established In 1997' title='Nsf College Programs Established In 1997' />Academic degree Wikipedia. An academic degree is a qualification awarded to students upon successful completion of a course of study in higher education, normally at a college or university. These institutions commonly offer degrees at various levels, typically including bachelors, masters and doctorates, often alongside other academic certificates, and professional degrees. The most common undergraduate degree is the bachelors degree, although in some countries lower qualifications are titled degrees e. US or foundation degrees in the UK while in others a higher level first degree is more usual. HistoryeditAn early type of academic degree was the ijazah, issued at madrasahs in the medieval Islamic world since the 8th century. The modern system of academic degrees later evolved and expanded in the medievaluniversity, spreading across the world as the institution did. Emergence of the doctors and masters degrees and the licentiateeditThe origins of the doctorate licentia docendi can be traced back to the ijzah al tadrs wa al ift license to teach and issue legal opinions in the medieval Islamic madrasah education system. The ijazat was equivalent to the Doctor of Laws qualification and was developed during the 9th century after the formation of the Madhhab legal schools. To obtain a doctorate, a student had to study in a guildschool of law, usually four years for the basic undergraduate course and at least ten years for a post graduate course. The doctorate was obtained after an oral examination to determine the originality of the candidates theses, and to test the students ability to defend them against all objections, in disputations set up for the purpose which were scholarly exercises practiced throughout the students career as a graduate student of law. After students completed their post graduate education, they were awarded doctorates giving them the status of faqih meaning master of law, mufti meaning professor of legal opinions and mudarris meaning teacher, which were later translated into Latin as magister, professor and doctor respectively. The doctorate Latin doceo I teach appeared in medieval Europe as a license to teach Latin licentia docendi at a medieval university. Its roots can be traced to the early church when the term doctor referred to the Apostles, church fathers and other Christian authorities who taught and interpreted the Bible. The right to grant a licentia docendi was originally reserved to the church which required the applicant to pass a test, to take oath of allegiance and pay a fee. The Third Council of the Lateran of 1. An academic degree is a qualification awarded to students upon successful completion of a course of study in higher education, normally at a college or university. Nsf College Programs Established In 1997' title='Nsf College Programs Established In 1997' />This right remained a bone of contention between the church authorities and the slowly emancipating universities, but was granted by the Pope to the University of Paris in 1. However, while the licentia continued to hold a higher prestige than the bachelors degree Baccalaureus, it was ultimately reduced to an intermediate step to the Magister and doctorate, both of which now became the exclusive qualification for teaching. At the University, doctoral training was a form of apprenticeship to a guild. The traditional term of study before new teachers were admitted to the guild of Master of Arts, seven years, was the same as the term of apprenticeship for other occupations. Originally the terms master and doctor were synonymous,8 but over time the doctorate came to be regarded as a higher qualification than the master degree. Today the terms master, Doctor from the Latin meaning literally teacher and Professor signify different levels of academic achievement, but in the Medieval university they were equivalent terms, the use of them in the degree name being a matter of custom at a university. Most universities conferred the Master of Arts, although the highest degree was often termed Master of TheologyDivinity or Doctor of TheologyDivinity depending on the place. The earliest doctoral degrees theology Divinitatis Doctor D. D., law Legum Doctor LL. D., later D. C. L. Medicin Doctor M. D., D. M. reflected the historical separation of all higher University study into these three fields. Over time, the D. D. has gradually become less common outside theology and is now mostly used for honorary degrees, with the title Doctor of Theology being used more often for earned degrees. Marc Ecko Getting Up Under Pressure. Studies outside theology, law, and medicine were then called philosophy, due to the Renaissance conviction that real knowledge could be derived from empirical observation. A list of over 80 free grants for women, with a description and link. The National Science Foundation NSF is a United States government agency that supports fundamental research and education in all the nonmedical fields of science. Program AcadPlan Code Degree Degree Type Degree Name Academic Units College collegeslug Campus campusslug Description NRC Taxona Keywords. Columbia Education Center Mathematics Lesson Plans. Computers Maths Teaching Peter Hobson, a teacher in Canberra, Australia, created these pages containing. The degree title of Doctor of Philosophy is a much later time and was not introduced in England before 1. Studies in what once was called philosophy are now classified as sciences and humanities. The University of Bologna in Italy, regarded as the oldest university in Europe, was the first institution to confer the degree of Doctor in Civil Law in the late 1. Kathak Beats. The University of Paris used the term master for its graduates, a practice adopted by the English universities of Oxford and Cambridge, as well as the ancient Scottish universities of St Andrews, Glasgow, Aberdeen, and Edinburgh. Emergence of the bachelors degreeeditIn the medieval European universities, candidates who had completed three or four years of study in the prescribed texts of the trivium grammar, rhetoric, and logic, and the quadrivium mathematics, geometry, astronomy and music, together known as the Liberal Arts, and who had successfully passed examinations held by their master, would be admitted to the degree of Bachelor of Arts, from the Latin baccalaureus, a term previously used of a squire i. Further study, and in particular successful participation in and then moderating of disputations would earn one the Master of Arts degree, from the Latinmagister, master typically indicating a teacher, entitling one to teach these subjects. Master of Arts were eligible to enter study under the higher faculties of Law, Medicine or Theology, and earn first a bachelors and then master or doctors degrees in these subjects. Thus a degree was only a step on the way to becoming a fully qualified master hence the English word graduate, which is based on the Latingradus step. The evolution of the terminology of degreeseditThe naming of degrees eventually became linked with the subjects studied. Scholars in the faculties of arts or grammar became known as master, but those in theology, medicine, and law were known as doctor. As study in the arts or in grammar was a necessary prerequisite to study in subjects such as theology, medicine and law, the degree of doctor assumed a higher status than the master degree. This led to the modern hierarchy in which the Doctor of Philosophy Ph. D., which in its present form as a degree based on research and dissertation is a development from 1. German universities, is a more advanced degree than the Master of Arts M. A. The practice of using the term doctor for Ph. Ds developed within German universities and spread across the academic world. The French terminology is tied closely to the original meanings of the terms. The baccalaurat cf. French students who have successfully completed their secondary education and admits the student to university. When students graduate from university, they are awarded licence, much as the medieval teaching guilds would have done, and they are qualified to teach in secondary schools or proceed to higher level studies. Spain had a similar structure the term Bachiller was used for those who finished the secondary or high school level education, known as Bachillerato. The standard Spanish university 5 years degree was Licenciado, although there were a few 3 years associate degrees called diplomaturas, from where the diplomados could move to study a related licenciatura. The highest level was Doctor.